Quick comparison: Study in Germany after 12th
| Key factor | What Indian students should know |
| Study destination | Germany |
| Popular courses | Engineering, Computer Science, Business, Data Science, Natural Sciences, Design |
| Typical bachelor’s duration | 3–4 years, depending on the programme |
| Public university tuition | Often €0 for many programmes, but exceptions apply |
| Semester contribution | Commonly around €100–€350; varies by institution |
| Private university tuition | Can range from approximately €5,000 to €20,000+ per year; some programmes cost more |
| Living expenses | Budget approximately €900–€1,300 per month, depending on city and lifestyle |
| Financial proof for a 2026 student visa | €11,904 for one year under the standard blocked-account route; verify current requirements before applying |
| Academic eligibility | Indian Class 12 alone generally does not provide direct bachelor’s entry; an eligible pathway is usually required |
| Language requirements | German for many bachelor’s programmes; English for programmes that offer it |
| Work opportunities | Eligible international students may work up to 140 full days or 280 half-days per year, subject to applicable rules |
| Post-study opportunity | Eligible graduates can apply for an 18-month residence permit to seek qualified employment |
| Best first step | Check qualification recognition, course requirements, language and total budget |
AI Summary: Study Abroad in Germany After 12th
Can Indian students study in Germany after Class 12?
Yes. Indian students can pursue higher education in Germany after Class 12 if they meet the academic, language and programme-specific admission requirements. However, a standard Indian Class 12 certificate alone generally does not qualify students for direct admission to a German bachelor’s degree. Many students need a Studienkolleg foundation programme followed by the Feststellungsprüfung, or another recognised eligibility route, such as qualifying university study in India.
How much does it cost?
Many public universities charge no general tuition fees for eligible bachelor’s programmes, but semester contributions, living expenses, insurance and other costs still apply. Private universities and certain public institutions or states may charge tuition.
Which courses are popular?
Engineering, Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence, Business, Natural Sciences and Design are worth exploring based on academic background and career goals.
What should students do first?
Verify their eligibility through DAAD and the target university, research language requirements, estimate the complete budget and prepare their application and visa documents.
Students looking for personalised assistance can contact Sukhada Global Education, trusted study abroad consultants in Mysuru, for guidance on selecting suitable universities and planning their Germany application.
Introduction: Why study in Germany after 12th?
Planning to study abroad after Class 12 is an important decision for students and their families. Germany is an option worth considering because of its established higher education system, strong engineering and research ecosystem, diverse academic programmes and the availability of many public university programmes with comparatively low tuition costs.
For Indian students, studying in Germany can open an academic pathway in fields such as mechanical engineering, automotive technology, computer science, business, mathematics, biotechnology and design. The right course, however, depends on a student’s Class 12 subjects, academic results, language proficiency, finances and long-term plans.
One important point is often overlooked: being affordable does not automatically mean being eligible for admission. German universities have specific entry requirements, and students with Indian school-leaving certificates may need additional academic preparation before beginning a bachelor’s degree.
This guide from Sukhada Global Education explains how to study in Germany after 12th, including course options, universities to research, eligibility pathways, tuition fees, living costs, scholarships, student visas and application planning.
Why choose Germany for higher education?
There are several reasons Indian students consider Germany for undergraduate studies.
1. Affordable education at many public universities
Many German public universities do not charge general tuition fees for standard bachelor’s programmes. Students still need to pay semester contributions and cover accommodation, food, insurance, travel and other living expenses. Certain states and universities charge additional tuition fees, so every programme must be checked individually.
2. Strong engineering and technology education
Germany has a well-established industrial and research ecosystem. Students interested in mechanical engineering, automotive engineering, electrical engineering, mechatronics, computer science and related fields may find relevant academic programmes.
3. International learning opportunities
German universities attract students from different countries and offer opportunities to study in an international academic environment. However, the language of instruction and availability of English-taught undergraduate programmes vary considerably.
4. Research and practical learning
Depending on the institution and course, students may access laboratories, research projects, internships and industry-linked learning. These opportunities are programme-specific and should be investigated before applying.
5. Potential career opportunities after graduation
Eligible graduates can apply for an 18-month residence permit to seek qualified employment related to their qualifications. This is an opportunity to explore, not a guarantee of employment, salary or permanent residence
Best courses to study in Germany after 12th
The best course depends on your subjects in Class 12, interests, admission eligibility and future career plans.
| Course or field | Suitable academic background | Potential study areas | Important consideration |
| Engineering | Usually Physics and Mathematics, with required subjects set by the programme | Mechanical, Electrical, Automotive, Civil | Check subject prerequisites and language |
| Computer Science and IT | Mathematics is commonly required | Computer Science, Software Engineering, Informatics | Verify whether the bachelor’s course is taught in English or German |
| Artificial Intelligence and Data Science | Mathematics and relevant quantitative preparation | AI, Data Analytics, Applied Mathematics | Some specialist degrees may require prior knowledge |
| Business and Management | Varies by programme | Business Administration, International Business, Economics | Check language, mathematics and aptitude requirements |
| Natural Sciences | Relevant science subjects | Physics, Chemistry, Biology | Laboratory and subject-specific prerequisites may apply |
| Biotechnology and Life Sciences | Usually Biology and/or Chemistry, depending on course | Biotechnology, Molecular Biology, Life Sciences | Check subject combinations and language requirements |
| Architecture and Design | Varies by programme | Architecture, Industrial Design, Product Design | A portfolio or aptitude test may be required |
| Environmental Science | Relevant science or mathematics background | Environmental Science, Sustainability, Renewable Energy | Check programme-specific prerequisites |
| Media and Communication | Varies by programme | Media Studies, Communication, Digital Media | German proficiency may be essential for some courses |
| Hospitality and Tourism | Varies by programme | Tourism, Hospitality, Service Management | Check whether the course is academic or vocational |
Important: This is a list of fields to explore, not a guarantee that every course is available to Indian students directly after Class 12. Always check the admission requirements of the exact degree.
Which course is best for Indian students?
- PCM students: Explore engineering, computer science, mathematics and natural sciences.
- PCB students: Explore biology, biotechnology, life sciences and relevant health-related fields, subject to course prerequisites.
- Commerce students: Explore business, economics, finance and management programmes that match their qualifications.
- Arts and humanities students: Explore media, communication, social sciences, humanities and design, subject to programme requirements.
Students should compare curriculum, teaching language, tuition, admission criteria and future career relevance rather than selecting a course solely because it is popular.
Best universities in Germany for Indian students after 12th
The following institutions are worth researching for their established academic offerings. Their inclusion does not confirm that a particular bachelor’s programme accepts Indian Class 12 students directly. Eligibility, language and programme availability must be checked individually.
| University | City | Areas worth exploring |
| Technical University of Munich (TUM) | Munich | Engineering, Informatics, Natural Sciences |
| RWTH Aachen University | Aachen | Engineering, Technology, Natural Sciences |
| Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) | Karlsruhe | Engineering, Computer Science, Natural Sciences |
| University of Stuttgart | Stuttgart | Engineering, Automotive Technology, Sciences |
| Heidelberg University | Heidelberg | Life Sciences, Natural Sciences, Humanities |
| Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich (LMU) | Munich | Sciences, Humanities, Economics |
| University of Mannheim | Mannheim | Business, Economics, Social Sciences |
| TU Berlin | Berlin | Engineering, Computer Science, Technology |
These universities are a starting point for research, not a universal ranking for undergraduate applicants. Course availability, admission competitiveness, tuition and teaching language vary by degree. Use the official university websites and the DAAD study database to verify each programme.
Eligibility to study in Germany after 12th for Indian students
Before choosing universities, determine whether your current qualification provides access to a German bachelor’s programme.
1. Academic eligibility
According to DAAD India, students with a standard Indian Class 12 certificate generally cannot enter a German bachelor’s programme directly based on that qualification alone. The route depends on the student’s school qualification and academic history.
Common pathways include:
- Studienkolleg route: Complete an eligible foundation programme in Germany and pass the Feststellungsprüfung (FSP).
- University-study route in India: Complete the required period of relevant university study in India, subject to the applicable recognition and subject requirements.
- Recognised alternative qualifications: Certain internationally recognised qualifications or qualifying IIT-JEE Advanced results may provide different eligibility routes under the applicable rules.
Admission depends on the qualification, subject combination and chosen degree. Passing the FSP makes a student eligible to apply for relevant programmes; it does not guarantee a university seat.
2. Academic marks and subject requirements
There is no single percentage that guarantees admission to every German university. Each institution and programme sets its own academic requirements.
Students should check:
- Class 12 marks and required subjects
- Recognition of their school-leaving qualification
- Whether a foundation programme or previous university study is required
- Entrance examinations or aptitude assessments
- Additional subject-specific conditions
3. German or English language proficiency
Language requirements depend on the course’s teaching language.
- German-taught programmes: May require recognised German proficiency, such as TestDaF or DSH, at the level specified by the university.
- English-taught programmes: May accept IELTS, TOEFL or another approved proof of English proficiency, depending on the course.
- Studienkolleg: Generally involves German-language preparation, and students may need to demonstrate the required German proficiency for entry.
Do not assume that IELTS alone makes you eligible for a German bachelor’s programme. Academic recognition and the language requirements are separate checks.
4. Financial eligibility
Students must demonstrate that they can finance their stay in Germany for visa purposes. The accepted evidence can include a blocked account, an eligible scholarship or a formal declaration of commitment, depending on the applicable rules.
For the standard blocked-account route, the 2026 benchmark is €11,904 for one year. Confirm the latest amount and documentation rules before applying.
Cost of studying in Germany after 12th
Germany can be affordable compared with destinations where high tuition fees are common, but students need to budget for more than tuition alone.
Germany study costs: comparison table
| Expense | Public university | Private university / other route |
| Annual tuition | Often €0 at many public institutions; exceptions apply | Can be approximately €5,000–€20,000+ per year, with some programmes costing more |
| Semester contribution | Often around €100–€350 per semester | Depends on institution and programme; check separately |
| Accommodation | Approximately €300–€700 per month | Approximately €300–€700 per month |
| Food and groceries | Approximately €180–€300 per month | Approximately €180–€300 per month |
| Health insurance | Budget around €110–€150 per month as an initial estimate; eligibility and provider affect the cost | Depends on age, insurance eligibility and provider |
| Transport, phone and personal expenses | Approximately €100–€250 per month | Approximately €100–€250 per month |
| Visa financial proof | Standard blocked-account benchmark: €11,904 for 2026 | Same general visa financial-proof requirement, subject to accepted evidence |
| Additional preparation | Language tests, applications, translations and possible costs | Course-dependent tuition, application and preparation costs |
These are broad planning estimates, not official price lists or guaranteed charges. Housing, insurance and private course fees vary substantially. The blocked-account amount is evidence of financial means, not an additional tuition fee. DAAD notes that most public bachelor’s and many master’s programmes do not charge tuition, with exceptions including Baden-Württemberg and certain institutions in Bavaria.
What is the total annual budget?
For an initial planning exercise, students can estimate:
- Living expenses: Approximately €10,800–€15,600 per year using the monthly planning range above.
- Public university tuition: Often €0, where the programme does not charge tuition.
- Semester contributions: Add the institution’s actual charge.
- Other costs: Add visa-related expenses, travel, application charges, language tests, initial accommodation deposits and any required preparatory course.
A student at a tuition-free public university may therefore have a substantially different total budget from a student at a private university or a public university that charges international tuition.
The blocked-account benchmark for 2026 is €11,904, but it should not be treated as a guarantee that this amount will cover every student’s actual expenses in every German city.
Does every public university in Germany offer free education?
No. Many public universities do not charge general tuition for standard bachelor’s programmes, but exceptions exist.
For example, Baden-Württemberg generally charges non-EU/EEA students €1,500 per semester for covered degree programmes, subject to exemptions. Certain Bavarian universities also charge tuition for some international students. Private institutions typically set their own fees.
Always check the university’s current fee schedule before accepting an offer.
Cost of living in Germany for Indian students
The cost of living in Germany depends on the city, accommodation type, transport needs and lifestyle. Munich and other high-demand urban areas may require a larger budget than smaller student cities.
| Monthly expense | Estimated range |
| Shared accommodation or student housing | €300–€700 |
| Food and groceries | €180–€300 |
| Health insurance | €110–€150 |
| Local transport, phone and personal expenses | €100–€250 |
| Estimated monthly total | €690–€1,400 |
These are indicative budgeting ranges. Actual costs can fall outside them, especially where rent is high or accommodation is difficult to find. The figures should be checked against current university housing guidance and local costs before planning a move.
How can students manage living expenses?
- Apply for student accommodation as early as possible.
- Compare shared flats, university housing and private rentals.
- Check whether a semester contribution includes a public transport ticket.
- Build an emergency fund for deposits, travel and unexpected expenses.
- Do not rely on getting a part-time job immediately after arrival to finance essential expenses.
Scholarships to study in Germany after 12th
Scholarships can reduce the financial burden, but availability depends on the programme, eligibility, academic profile and scholarship provider.
Students can explore:
- DAAD scholarship database: Search for scholarships and funding opportunities relevant to their qualifications and intended programme.
- University-specific scholarships: Check each university’s international student funding pages.
- Foundations and other funding organisations: Some provide support based on academic merit, financial circumstances or other selection criteria.
- Exchange or partnership funding: Check whether any relevant programmes exist through the student’s current institution.
A crucial distinction is that many widely advertised DAAD scholarships are intended for postgraduate study, research or particular academic groups. Do not assume that a full scholarship is available for every undergraduate programme after Class 12.
Can Indian students study in Germany without IELTS?
Yes, in some circumstances, but IELTS is not the only factor determining eligibility.
Some English-taught programmes accept alternative evidence of English proficiency, such as TOEFL or other approved qualifications. Some may grant exemptions under their published rules. German-taught programmes require the relevant German-language qualifications instead.
Before applying, confirm:
- The programme’s language of instruction.
- The exact language tests or exemptions it accepts.
- Whether minimum scores apply to individual sections.
- Whether the foundation route requires German proficiency.
A student should never rely on a general claim that IELTS is unnecessary without checking the selected programme’s official admission page.
Germany student visa requirements for Indian students
Students generally need a national student visa or the applicable residence permission for their intended study route. The precise documentation depends on the application category and individual circumstances.
Commonly required documents can include:
- Valid passport and visa application documents.
- University admission letter or relevant preparatory-course confirmation.
- Academic certificates and mark sheets.
- Proof of language proficiency, where required.
- Proof of sufficient funds, such as the accepted blocked-account evidence, scholarship or formal declaration of commitment.
- Health insurance evidence, as applicable.
- CV, motivation letter and other documents required by the German Missions in India.
For the standard blocked-account route, the official 2026 financial benchmark is €11,904 for one year, with no more than €992 per month available for withdrawal under that arrangement. Other acceptable forms of proof may apply.
Important: Visa documentation requirements can change. Use the current checklist published by the German Missions in India and do not treat a university admission offer as a guarantee of visa approval.
Step-by-step admission process to study in Germany after 12th
- Assess your eligibility. Review your Class 12 qualification, subject combination and any previous university study against the relevant DAAD guidance and university requirements.
- Choose a suitable course. Compare the curriculum, teaching language, tuition fees, location and career relevance.
- Identify the correct admission pathway. Determine whether you need Studienkolleg and the FSP, qualifying university study in India, or another recognised route.
- Prepare language qualifications. Complete the required German or English language assessment for your programme.
- Check application procedures. Apply through the university’s portal or the application service it specifies. Check whether an APS certificate or other document is required for your case.
- Submit documents before the deadline. Prepare academic records, translations, language results and other requested materials.
- Arrange financial evidence. Budget for tuition, living expenses, insurance, travel and any preparatory study. Confirm the current visa financial requirements.
- Apply for the appropriate visa. Follow the current German Missions in India procedure for your category.
- Plan your arrival. Arrange accommodation, insurance, enrolment and the required registration or residence formalities.
When should you apply?
Germany commonly has winter and summer semesters, but not every programme offers both intakes. Application deadlines vary by institution, course and applicant category. Do not assume that 15 July or 15 January applies to every university. Check the current deadline for each programme and allow extra time for qualification recognition, language preparation and visa processing.
Common mistakes Indian students should avoid
Many study-abroad guides explain the benefits of Germany but give insufficient attention to the practical decisions that can delay an application or increase its cost.
- Assuming Class 12 guarantees direct admission: Verify qualification recognition before shortlisting universities.
- Choosing a course based only on tuition: Include accommodation, insurance, semester contributions, travel and initial settlement expenses.
- Ignoring the language of instruction: Confirm whether the course is taught in German or English.
- Using one generic eligibility rule for every university: Course prerequisites and admission pathways can differ.
- Relying on outdated visa figures: Verify the current financial-proof amount and visa checklist.
- Treating scholarships as guaranteed: Read the eligibility conditions, funding limits and application deadlines.
- Applying too late: Leave time for documents, language tests, recognition and visa procedures.
- Assuming part-time work will cover all costs: Jobs are not guaranteed, and working permissions are subject to applicable rules.
Why choose Sukhada Global Education for Germany study guidance?
Choosing a university abroad involves more than finding a popular institution. Students need to understand whether their academic qualifications are accepted, which programmes match their background, what language preparation is required and how to plan a realistic budget.
Sukhada Global Education is a study abroad consultancy in Mysuru that students can approach for guidance on planning their Germany study journey.
Depending on the services available for your case, counselling may help you:
- Identify suitable courses based on your Class 12 subjects and academic profile.
- Research universities and their entry requirements.
- Understand the difference between direct admission and foundation pathways.
- Prepare a programme-specific document checklist.
- Plan for tuition, living expenses and funding evidence.
- Understand application timelines and visa documentation.
- Organise the next steps for your intended intake.
No consultant can guarantee admission, a scholarship, a visa or a job. Final decisions rest with the relevant university, scholarship provider and German authorities.
Why Choose Sukhada Global Education as Your Study Abroad Consultant in Mysuru for Germany?
Are you a student in Mysuru or elsewhere in India who wants to study in Germany after Class 12?
Contact Sukhada Global Education to discuss your academic background, preferred course, target intake and estimated budget. A profile-based discussion can help you understand which pathway to investigate before committing to application or preparation costs.
Direct-Answer Questions
Can I study in Germany after 12th from India?
Yes. Indian students can pursue higher education in Germany after Class 12, but most need to meet additional academic eligibility requirements before entering a bachelor’s programme.
Is direct admission to a German bachelor’s degree possible after Indian Class 12?
Generally, not with a standard Indian Class 12 certificate alone. Students commonly need a recognised alternative qualification, eligible university study in India or a Studienkolleg pathway, depending on their profile.
What is Studienkolleg in Germany?
Studienkolleg is a preparatory programme for eligible international applicants whose school qualifications do not provide direct access to German higher education. Students generally need to pass the Feststellungsprüfung to qualify for relevant degree applications.
Is Germany affordable for Indian students?
Germany can be affordable because many public university programmes do not charge general tuition. However, students still need to budget for accommodation, insurance, food, semester contributions and other expenses.
What is the cost of studying in Germany after 12th?
The total depends on the institution and city. Many public programmes have no general tuition fees, while private universities can charge thousands of euros annually. Living expenses must be budgeted separately.
How much money is required to study in Germany in 2026?
Under the standard blocked-account route, the 2026 benchmark is €11,904 for one year. Tuition, semester contributions, travel and initial settlement costs may be additional.
Which courses are best in Germany after 12th?
Engineering, Computer Science, Business, Natural Sciences, Biotechnology and Design are fields worth exploring. The best choice depends on the student’s academic subjects, interests and career plans.
Which German universities should Indian students consider?
Students can research TUM, RWTH Aachen, KIT, the University of Stuttgart, Heidelberg University, LMU Munich, the University of Mannheim and TU Berlin. Eligibility and programme availability must be checked individually.
Can I study in Germany without IELTS?
Some programmes accept alternative English-language evidence or exemptions. Others require IELTS or another approved test. Check the exact course requirements before applying.
Is German language compulsory for studying in Germany?
Not for every programme. Some degrees are taught in English, while many undergraduate courses and preparatory pathways require German proficiency.
Can commerce students study in Germany after 12th?
Yes, subject to eligibility. Commerce students can explore business, economics and management programmes that accept their qualifications and subject combinations.
Can science students study engineering in Germany?
Yes, if they satisfy the programme’s academic prerequisites and recognised university-entry requirements. Mathematics and relevant science subjects are commonly important.
Are public universities in Germany tuition-free?
Many public universities do not charge general tuition for standard bachelor’s programmes, but exceptions include certain states, institutions and programmes. Semester contributions still commonly apply.
What is the monthly cost of living in Germany for Indian students?
A useful initial budget is around €900–€1,300 per month, although actual costs vary by city, rent, insurance and lifestyle.
Can Indian students work while studying in Germany?
Eligible international students may work up to 140 full days or 280 half-days per year, or under the applicable alternative 20-hour weekly framework. The rules and any exceptions should be verified.
Can students stay in Germany after graduation?
Eligible graduates of German higher education institutions can apply for a residence permit of up to 18 months to seek qualified employment.
Are scholarships available for undergraduate students in Germany?
Some scholarships and institutional funding opportunities exist, but eligibility and availability vary. Students should check the funding provider’s official conditions.
When should I apply to German universities after 12th?
Start as early as possible. Your timeline should account for eligibility checks, language preparation, foundation-course requirements, application deadlines and visa processing.
What documents are needed to study in Germany after 12th?
Common documents include a passport, academic certificates, mark sheets, language results where required, application forms and financial evidence for the visa. Additional documents depend on the university and applicant.
How can a study abroad consultant in Mysuru help me study in Germany?
A consultant can help you understand possible study pathways, shortlist suitable programmes, organise documents and plan application steps. University admission and visa decisions remain with the relevant authorities.
FAQs: Study Abroad in Germany After 12th
These FAQs expand on the direct-answer blocks above and can be used in the article’s FAQ section. Keep each answer visible on the page rather than hiding all the information behind interactive accordions.
What percentage is required to study in Germany after 12th?
There is no single percentage accepted by every German university. Requirements depend on the programme, recognised entrance qualification, subjects and admission criteria. Check your eligibility and any applicable APS requirements for your intended intake.
Can I go to Germany directly after 12th without studying in India first?
Some recognised qualifications may provide a direct-entry route, but a standard Indian Class 12 certificate alone generally does not. Depending on eligibility, students may need Studienkolleg or qualifying university study in India.
Is Preparatory College compulsory for every Indian student?
No. It is one possible route for students whose qualifications do not provide direct university access. Some applicants qualify through recognised alternative qualifications or previous university study.
How long does it take to complete a bachelor’s degree in Germany?
Many bachelor’s programmes take three years, while others take three and a half or four years. A preparatory pathway such as Studienkolleg can add time before the degree begins.
Are English-taught bachelor’s courses available in Germany?
Yes, but availability varies by subject and university. Students should search the exact degree programme and verify both its teaching language and admission requirements.
Is MBBS available in Germany after 12th?
Germany offers medical education, but medicine is a highly competitive, regulated pathway with demanding academic and German-language requirements. Indian students should verify the precise admission route, degree recognition and licensing requirements before planning to practise in India or elsewhere.
Which city in Germany is best for Indian students?
There is no single best city for every student. Compare university fit, accommodation availability, total living costs, transport, language requirements and internship opportunities before choosing.
Do Indian students need an APS certificate for Germany?
APS requirements depend on the applicant’s educational background and application category. Indian applicants should check the latest APS India rules and the requirements of their university and visa category.
Can I get a full scholarship to study in Germany after 12th?
Full funding should not be assumed. Scholarships are competitive, and some funding programmes are restricted to particular degree levels, subjects or applicant groups. Verify eligibility before including scholarship money in your budget.
Is a blocked account mandatory for a German student visa?
A blocked account is one accepted method of demonstrating financial resources, but it is not necessarily the only option. Depending on the case, an eligible scholarship or formal declaration of commitment may also be accepted.
Can I pay my living expenses through a part-time job in Germany?
A student may be permitted to work within the applicable limits, but jobs and earnings are not guaranteed. Students should arrange sufficient funds before travelling and should not depend on future employment to meet visa requirements.
Are German university degrees recognised internationally?
Recognition depends on the institution, degree, destination country and intended profession. For regulated professions, separate licensing or recognition procedures may be required.
What is the best intake to study in Germany after 12th?
The winter semester is a common entry point, but the best intake depends on when your documents are ready and when your chosen programme accepts applicants. Some programmes also offer summer intake.
Can I apply to German universities while waiting for my Class 12 results?
Some universities or programmes may allow applications with provisional documents, while others require final results by a specified deadline. Check the exact university policy before submitting an application.
How do I choose the right study abroad consultant in Mysuru for Germany?
Look for transparent fees, a clear service scope, familiarity with Germany’s academic eligibility pathways and accurate documentation guidance. Avoid anyone who guarantees admission, a visa or a scholarship.